Review Article
Molar incisor hypomineralization: A complex puzzle
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Berkant SezerORCID, Betül KargülORCID
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Sezer B, Kargül B. Molar incisor hypomineralization: A complex puzzle. J Med Dent Invest. 2025;6(S1):e250071. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e250071
- eISSN
- 2822-6453
- Submitted
- 29 October 2025
- Revised
- 26 November 2025
- Accepted
- 18 December 2025
- Published
- 30 December 2025
- Pages
- e250071
Abstract
Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) was first described in 2001 as a developmental enamel defect characterized by hypomineralization, typically affecting incisors along with at least one first permanent molar. According to current systematic reviews and meta-analyses, its global prevalence ranges between 13.1% and 14.2%. Although research on its etiology is ongoing, various prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors originating from the mother and child, as well as environmental and genetic/epigenetic factors, are thought to contribute to this condition. The affected teeth exhibit white/creamy and yellow/brown demarcated opacities, post-eruptive enamel breakdown, atypical dental caries and restorations, hypersensitivity, and aesthetic problems. Consequently, the teeth are quickly damaged, and their functions are compromised. This condition also affects the psychosocial development and quality of life of affected individuals. Despite numerous treatment methods being tried on anterior and posterior teeth affected by MIH, research continues to progress with advancements in material science and a better understanding of the disease's pathophysiology. Studies have not only focused on materials but have also explored different caries removal techniques and preparation methods for the affected teeth. While understanding and consensus on certain aspects of MIH have increased since it was first described, many issues remain unresolved. These include the regional and global prevalence of the disease, its etiology, treatment options for affected anterior and posterior teeth, and the short- and long-term success of these treatment materials and methods. This article aimed to comprehensively discuss the ‘’still to solve’’ issues related to MIH as a complex puzzle and provide up-to-date information on these topics.
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© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Journal of Medical and Dental Investigations.