Original Article
Vitamin B12 deficiency and borderline levels in children aged 0–18 years: A retrospective cross-sectional study
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Murat SolmazORCID, Özhan OrhanORCID
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Solmaz M, Orhan Ö. Vitamin B12 deficiency and borderline levels in children aged 0–18 years: A retrospective cross-sectional study. J Med Dent Invest. 2025;6:e250102. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e250102
- eISSN
- 2822-6453
- Submitted
- 8 September 2025
- Revised
- 29 September 2025
- Accepted
- 14 October 2025
- Published
- 19 October 2025
- Pages
- e250102
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to determine the frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in children admitted to pediatric outpatient clinics and how it varies according to age groups.
Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study included children aged 0–18 years who presented to pediatric outpatient clinics between June 1 and December 17, 2024, and underwent serum vitamin B12 testing. Concentrations <200 pg/mL were classified as deficient and 200–300 pg/mL as borderline. Pearson chi-square tests were used for categorical comparisons. Supplementary mean comparisons used Welch ANOVA and Holm-adjusted pairwise Welch tests calculated from rounded summary statistics.
Results: A total of 2987 patients admitted to pediatric outpatient clinics were evaluated. B12 deficiency was found in 6.5% and borderline levels in 28.8% of the children. Deficiency was observed in 6.7% of boys and 6.3% of girls; the overall association between sex and B12 category was not statistically significant (p=0.056). The most common presenting complaints were loss of appetite (28.7%), growth retardation (21.3%), and fatigue (15.9%). The mean serum vitamin B12 level was 393±159 pg/mL. When vitamin B12 deficiency was analyzed according to age groups, the highest rate of serum vitamin B12 deficiency was observed between 14–18 years of age (8.4%) and the lowest rate was observed between 0–2 years of age (4.8%). The distribution of B12 categories differed significantly across age groups (χ²=56.003, p<0.001).
Conclusion: In this study, the rates of serum vitamin B12 deficiency in children presenting to the outpatient clinic were shown. Deficiency was found to be more frequent, especially during the adolescent period, and borderline levels were detected in 28.8% of the children. The selected sample limits generalizability; these findings alone do not establish a population screening strategy.
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© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Journal of Medical and Dental Investigations.