Early childhood caries: A current perspective

Abstract

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant public health concern, affecting children globally. Despite preventive measures, the prevalence of ECC remains high, especially in underprivileged populations. This study aims to explore the etiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies associated with ECC, as well as to evaluate current treatment approaches for managing ECC in pediatric patients.This review is based on an extensive analysis of existing literature, including epidemiological studies, risk assessment tools, and treatment modalities for ECC. Sources were gathered from peer-reviewed journals, dental health organizations, and relevant clinical trials. Key aspects examined include microbiological, dietary, and environmental factors contributing to ECC, and an evaluation of preventive and therapeutic interventions. ECC is prevalent worldwide, with varying rates across regions. The etiology of ECC is multifactorial, with primary causes including the presence of cariogenic bacteria (e.g., *Streptococcus mutans*), frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, and inadequate oral hygiene. Additional factors, such as prolonged breastfeeding, socioeconomic status, and maternal health, also play significant roles. Preventive strategies like fluoride application, dietary counseling, and maternal oral health care are crucial in reducing ECC incidence. Treatment options range from non-invasive approaches, such as fluoride varnish and silver diamine fluoride (SDF), to invasive interventions like the Hall Technique and pulpotomy for severe cases. ECC remains a pervasive challenge in pediatric dentistry, with high costs and negative impacts on children’s quality of life. Early prevention, parental education, and individualized treatment plans are essential to mitigate the effects of ECC. Future research should focus on enhancing risk assessment tools and developing more cost-effective, accessible treatments to address ECC globally.

How to cite this article:

Yüzbaş BE, Özyılmaz KY, Seyedoskuyi V, Topaloğlu A. Early childhood caries: A current perspective. J Med Dent Invest 2025;6:e250075. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e250075