Vol. 6 No. S1 (2025): Current Developments in Pediatric Dentistry

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.vol6.S1.2025

Published: 30.12.2025

Review Article

Traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition: A comprehensive review

This review aims to cover the best practices for diagnosing, classifying, and managing these injuries according to current clinical guidelines, as well as examining recent studies on the topic. Dental trauma in young children is a common concern, especially as they go through stages of active play and development. Most of these accidents happen at home, usually from falls. Recent research has been exploring the environmental and personal risk factors that lead to these injuries. When primary teeth, which are closely linked to permanent teeth, get injured, it can cause a range of problems for both sets of teeth, now and in the future. Complications following primary tooth trauma may include pulp necrosis, root resorption, early tooth loss, and disturbances in the permanent successors, such as enamel hypoplasia, discoloration, and eruption abnormalities. The risk and severity of sequelae are influenced by the child’s age, type of injury, and number of affected teeth. Long-term follow-up until eruption of the permanent teeth is therefore essential. The complexity of these injuries, along with the difficulty of getting young children to cooperate and the high levels of anxiety in both kids and their parents, highlights the importance of healthcare professionals following accurate protocols for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Sometimes, it is necessary to refer to a specialist. Effective management of TDIs in the primary dentition requires early diagnosis, adherence to evidence-based guidelines, and a child-centered, minimally invasive approach to reduce both immediate and future complications. How to cite this article: Sağ K, Coşar MS, Çehreli ZC. Traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition: A comprehensive review. J Med Dent Invest 2025;6:e250295. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e250095

Primary tooth trauma, traumatic dental injuries, deciduous tooth, primary tooth, avulsion, tooth injuries

Kübra Sağ, Menzile Seda Coşar, Zafer C. Çehreli
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e250095
Abstract Views: 1683 Download: 623 10.5577/jomdi.e250095
Apexification and regeneration procedures in young permanent teeth

Management of necrotic young permanent teeth with incomplete root development represents a significant clinical challenge in pediatric dentistry due to open apices, thin dentinal walls, and increased susceptibility to fracture. Preserving or restoring root development is critical for improving the long-term prognosis of these teeth. Over recent decades, apexification and regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) have emerged as the primary treatment strategies for addressing pulp necrosis in immature permanent teeth. Apexification aims to induce the formation of a calcified apical barrier that allows effective obturation of the root canal system. Traditionally, calcium hydroxide has been widely used for this purpose, demonstrating high success rates in resolving apical pathology. However, prolonged treatment duration, increased risk of root fracture, and lack of continued root development are important limitations. To overcome these drawbacks, single-visit apexification using bioceramic materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has gained popularity, offering predictable apical barrier formation, reduced treatment time, and favorable clinical outcomes. Regenerative endodontic procedures represent a biologically based treatment approach designed to promote continued root maturation by harnessing the regenerative potential of stem cells from the apical papilla, growth factors, and suitable scaffolds. REPs aim not only to resolve infection but also to facilitate root lengthening, thickening of dentinal walls, apical closure, and reestablishment of vitality-related responses. Clinical studies have reported high survival and success rates for REPs, particularly in teeth with short roots and wide apical openings. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of apexification and regenerative endodontic procedures, focusing on their biological principles, clinical protocols, indications, advantages, and limitations. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based decision-making to guide clinicians in selecting the most appropriate treatment modality based on individual case characteristics. Understanding the strengths and shortcomings of each approach is essential for optimizing clinical outcomes and preserving young permanent teeth in pediatric patients. How to cite this article: Yılmaz UY, Eskici M, Kerimoğlu C, Bezgin T. Apexification and regeneration procedures in young permanent teeth. J Med Dent Invest. 2025;6:e250065. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e250065

Apexification, calcium hydroxide, pulp regeneration, single-visit apexification

Utku Yasemin Yılmaz, Mesude Eskici, Ceyda Kerimoğlu, Tuğba Bezgin
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e250065
Abstract Views: 1397 Download: 931 10.5577/jomdi.e250065
Preserving stem cells from extracted deciduous teeth

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are a promising source of dental stem cells due to their high proliferation rate, multipotency, and ease of collection. This review highlights the classification and properties of dental stem cells, including SHED and their differentiation potential into odontogenic, osteogenic, neurogenic, and adipogenic cell types, as well as the conditions for the preservation of dental stem cells. SHED can be isolated from exfoliated deciduous teeth, particularly between ages 5 and 9, with the best results from teeth with healthy pulp. The cryopreservation process involves collecting, disinfecting, and expanding the stem cells, which are then stored for future regenerative medicine applications. Dental stem cell banking is becoming increasingly popular due to the non-invasive nature of the process and its cost-effectiveness compared to other sources of mesenchymal stem cells. However, challenges such as infection, lack of viable tissue, and a need for standardized manufacturing practices remain. Additionally, long-term studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of current cryopreservation techniques for future clinical use. The review concludes by emphasizing the potential of SHED in tissue regeneration and the importance of further research to optimize stem cell banking protocols and procedures. How to cite this article: Keskin M, Karaman K, Kasımoğlu Y. Preserving stem cells from extracted deciduous teeth. J Med Dent Invest 2025;6:e250063. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e250063

Cryopreservation, dental pulp, dental stem cells, regenerative medicine, SHED, stem cell banking

Mine Keskin, Kaan Karaman, Yelda Kasımoğlu
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e250063
Abstract Views: 1218 Download: 414 10.5577/jomdi.e250063
Early childhood caries: A current perspective

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant public health concern, affecting children globally. Despite preventive measures, the prevalence of ECC remains high, especially in underprivileged populations. This study aims to explore the etiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies associated with ECC, as well as to evaluate current treatment approaches for managing ECC in pediatric patients.This review is based on an extensive analysis of existing literature, including epidemiological studies, risk assessment tools, and treatment modalities for ECC. Sources were gathered from peer-reviewed journals, dental health organizations, and relevant clinical trials. Key aspects examined include microbiological, dietary, and environmental factors contributing to ECC, and an evaluation of preventive and therapeutic interventions. ECC is prevalent worldwide, with varying rates across regions. The etiology of ECC is multifactorial, with primary causes including the presence of cariogenic bacteria (e.g., *Streptococcus mutans*), frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, and inadequate oral hygiene. Additional factors, such as prolonged breastfeeding, socioeconomic status, and maternal health, also play significant roles. Preventive strategies like fluoride application, dietary counseling, and maternal oral health care are crucial in reducing ECC incidence. Treatment options range from non-invasive approaches, such as fluoride varnish and silver diamine fluoride (SDF), to invasive interventions like the Hall Technique and pulpotomy for severe cases. ECC remains a pervasive challenge in pediatric dentistry, with high costs and negative impacts on children’s quality of life. Early prevention, parental education, and individualized treatment plans are essential to mitigate the effects of ECC. Future research should focus on enhancing risk assessment tools and developing more cost-effective, accessible treatments to address ECC globally. How to cite this article: Yüzbaş BE, Özyılmaz KY, Seyedoskuyi V, Topaloğlu A. Early childhood caries: A current perspective. J Med Dent Invest 2025;6:e250075. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e250075

Early childhood caries, caries etiology, preventive dentistry, risk assessment

Beyza Erdinç Yüzbaş, Kader Yıldız Özyılmaz, Venüs Seyedoskuyi, Aslı Topaloğlu
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e250075
Abstract Views: 1149 Download: 509 10.5577/jomdi.e250075
Restorative options for primary teeth in pediatric dentistry

Restoration of primary teeth is a fundamental component of pediatric dental care, as primary dentition plays a critical role in mastication, speech development, esthetics, and the maintenance of arch integrity for the eruption of permanent teeth. Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in children worldwide, making the selection of appropriate restorative materials essential for achieving durable and biologically acceptable outcomes. This narrative review aims to evaluate the restorative options available for primary teeth in pediatric dentistry, with emphasis on their clinical performance, advantages, and limitations. Due to the anatomical and histological differences between primary and permanent teeth—such as thinner enamel and dentin, larger pulp chambers, and shorter functional lifespan—restorative material selection in primary teeth requires specific considerations. Traditional materials, including dental amalgam, have demonstrated long-term durability and moisture tolerance; however, their use has declined due to esthetic demands and concerns regarding mercury exposure. Glass ionomer cements and their modified forms offer chemical adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, and cariostatic properties, making them particularly suitable for children at high caries risk, despite their relatively lower mechanical strength. Resin-based materials, such as composite resins, compomers, giomers, and ormocer-based systems, provide superior esthetics and acceptable mechanical properties, but their clinical success is highly dependent on proper isolation and technique sensitivity. Full-coverage restorations, including stainless steel crowns, veneered crowns, prefabricated zirconia crowns, and newly developed polymer-based crowns, are recommended for extensively damaged primary teeth, especially following pulp therapy. Stainless steel crowns remain the gold standard for posterior primary teeth due to their durability and cost-effectiveness, whereas zirconia and aesthetic crowns offer improved esthetic outcomes with certain limitations related to tooth preparation and retention. Recent advancements in restorative materials and digital technologies, such as CAD–CAM-fabricated crowns, have expanded treatment options in pediatric dentistry. In conclusion, no single restorative material fulfills all clinical requirements. The selection of restorative options for primary teeth should be individualized based on the child’s age, caries risk, tooth location, functional demands, esthetic expectations, and level of cooperation. Appropriate material selection contributes significantly to the long-term oral health and overall well-being of pediatric patients.

Primary teeth, restorative materials, pediatric dentistry., glass ionomer cements, composite resins, zirconia crowns

Büşra Karaağaç Eskibağlar, İrem İpek, Özge İlter Er, Buket Ayna
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e250070
Abstract Views: 3132 Download: 1051 10.5577/jomdi.e250070
Endodontic treatment in primary teeth

Endodontic treatment in primary teeth, commonly referred to as pulpectomy, is an essential clinical procedure aimed at preserving primary teeth affected by pulp or periradicular infections until their physiological exfoliation. Maintaining primary teeth is crucial for proper mastication, speech development, arch integrity, and guidance of permanent tooth eruption. This comprehensive review summarizes current concepts, materials, and techniques used in the root canal treatment of primary teeth, with a focus on improving clinical outcomes. The complex and dynamic root canal anatomy of primary teeth, particularly the presence of physiological root resorption, presents unique challenges for endodontic procedures. Successful treatment depends on accurate diagnosis, careful case selection, effective chemomechanical preparation, optimal irrigation, and the use of appropriate root canal filling materials. Irrigation plays a critical role in eliminating microorganisms that cannot be removed by mechanical instrumentation alone. Commonly used irrigants include sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid, and newer combination solutions, each with specific advantages and limitations regarding antimicrobial activity, tissue dissolution, and biocompatibility. Advances in instrumentation, particularly the use of nickel–titanium rotary systems specifically designed for pediatric patients, have improved cleaning efficiency, reduced treatment time, and enhanced patient cooperation. Determination of working length using electronic apex locators in combination with radiography has further increased procedural accuracy while minimizing radiation exposure. Root canal filling materials for primary teeth must meet specific criteria, including biocompatibility, adequate antimicrobial properties, resorption compatible with physiological root resorption, and safety for the underlying permanent tooth germ. Zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide–based pastes, iodoform-containing materials, and newer bioceramic-based pastes are commonly used, although no material fully satisfies all ideal requirements. In conclusion, endodontic treatment in primary teeth is a reliable and effective approach when performed with proper technique and material selection. Continuous updates in materials and technologies, along with adherence to evidence-based protocols, are essential for enhancing treatment success and supporting the overall oral health and development of pediatric patients.

Primary tooth root canal treatment, root canal filling materials, irrigation solutions, chemomechanical preparation

Gizem Karagöz Doğan, Yelda Polat, Sema Çelenk
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e250069
Abstract Views: 1977 Download: 669 10.5577/jomdi.e250069
Potential complications and preventive measures in pediatric dental treatments performed under general anesthesia and sedation

The aim of this review was to evaluate the potential complications associated with pediatric dental treatments performed under general anesthesia and sedation and to outline preventive measures to enhance patient safety and clinical outcomes. The number of dental treatments for pediatric patients under general anesthesia and sedation is rapidly increasing in dentistry in Türkiye and worldwide. With this increase, it has been noticed that despite similar procedures with general anesthesia and sedation applications applied in medicine, pedodontics, and anesthesiology, there are significant differences in indication decisions and complications. The fact that general anesthesia and sedation applications in pedodontics do not have an exceptionally long history creates the need to establish specific standards and safety measures. Based on the experience gained in this field, these measures will give dental professionals a sense of security and confidence and include the lessons learned in the training and practice curricula. Accordingly, in the present review, complications and problems that may occur before, during, and after treatment specific to pedodontic applications are mentioned, as well as suggestions for their solution. Postoperative complications commonly include hemorrhage, nausea, vomiting, soft tissue injuries due to biting, restoration fractures, and delayed recovery. Children with multiple extractions or extensive dental procedures are at higher risk for postoperative bleeding and discomfort. Preventive strategies include thorough preoperative planning, adherence to legal and clinical standards, appropriate anesthesia technique selection, careful intraoperative monitoring, use of checklists, and detailed postoperative instructions for caregivers. In conclusion, dental treatment under general anesthesia and sedation can be performed safely in pediatric patients when strict protocols and preventive measures are followed. A multidisciplinary approach, continuous training, and increased awareness of potential complications are essential to minimize risks, improve treatment quality, and reduce the need for repeat anesthesia in children.

General anesthesia, sedation, children, dental treatment

Salih Doğan, Dilek Günay Canpolat
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e250073
Abstract Views: 1979 Download: 351 10.5577/jomdi.e250073
Use and misuse of antimicrobials in pediatric dentistry

The prescription of antimicrobials is a common practice in pediatric dentistry for the management of oral infections, trauma, and prophylactic indications. However, inappropriate use and misuse of these agents remain a significant concern, contributing to antimicrobial resistance, adverse drug reactions, and unnecessary exposure in children. The aim of this review was to evaluate the appropriate indications, clinical considerations, and common causes of misuse of antimicrobials in pediatric dental practice, with particular emphasis on antibiotics and analgesics. Children present unique anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that influence drug selection, dosage, and administration. Antibiotics are indicated primarily in cases of spreading odontogenic infections, facial cellulitis with systemic involvement, specific traumatic injuries, salivary gland infections of bacterial origin, and selected medically compromised conditions requiring prophylaxis. In contrast, antibiotics are not indicated for localized dental conditions such as irreversible pulpitis, necrotic pulps, localized apical abscesses without systemic signs, plaque-induced gingivitis, or viral infections, where definitive dental treatment and local measures are sufficient. Despite clear guidelines, antibiotic overuse in pediatric dentistry is frequently driven by misdiagnosis, time constraints, parental pressure, and insufficient knowledge of evidence-based indications. Such practices increase the risk of antibiotic resistance and may delay definitive dental care. The review also discusses the role of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs in pediatric dentistry, emphasizing that pain management should primarily rely on agents such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen rather than antibiotics. In conclusion, antimicrobials play an essential but limited role in pediatric dental care. Judicious prescribing based on accurate diagnosis, clinical severity, and established guidelines is critical to minimize misuse. Increasing practitioner awareness, improving education, and adhering to evidence-based protocols are key strategies to promote rational antimicrobial use and safeguard both individual and public health.

Antimicrobial, misuse, overuse, antibiotics, analgesics, pediatric dentistry

Ayli̇n İslam
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e250067
Abstract Views: 1079 Download: 427 10.5577/jomdi.e250067
Non-fluoride systems for enamel remineralization: Types and mechanisms

Dental caries is a significant global public health issue, despite advancements in oral hygiene practices and the emergence of new protective substances. Although it is a progressive chronic condition, can be prevented and remineralized at an early stages without the formation of cavities. Minimally invasive dentistry emphasizes the importance of preventing strategies for remineralization of White spot lesions. New approaches are being developed to promote deeper lesion remineralization, minimize the risks associated with high fluoride levels, and ensure long-term carries control. Non-fluoride remineralization can be classified into two categories: those that enhance the efficacy of fluoride and biomimetic systems that imitate enamel regeneration. The aim of this brief paper is to review the some commonly used non-fluoride remineralization systems and mechanisms, challenges, and evidence underpinning some of the technological advances in enamel remineralization.

Dental caries, remineralization, non-fluoride remineralization agents

Betül Kargül, Nur Kodaman Dokumacıgil, Ayşe Nur Parlakyıldız Gökçe
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e250074
Abstract Views: 926 Download: 1347 10.5577/jomdi.e250074
Molar incisor hypomineralization: A complex puzzle

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) was first described in 2001 as a developmental enamel defect characterized by hypomineralization, typically affecting incisors along with at least one first permanent molar. According to current systematic reviews and meta-analyses, its global prevalence ranges between 13.1% and 14.2%. Although research on its etiology is ongoing, various prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors originating from the mother and child, as well as environmental and genetic/epigenetic factors, are thought to contribute to this condition. The affected teeth exhibit white/creamy and yellow/brown demarcated opacities, post-eruptive enamel breakdown, atypical dental caries and restorations, hypersensitivity, and aesthetic problems. Consequently, the teeth are quickly damaged, and their functions are compromised. This condition also affects the psychosocial development and quality of life of affected individuals. Despite numerous treatment methods being tried on anterior and posterior teeth affected by MIH, research continues to progress with advancements in material science and a better understanding of the disease's pathophysiology. Studies have not only focused on materials but have also explored different caries removal techniques and preparation methods for the affected teeth. While understanding and consensus on certain aspects of MIH have increased since it was first described, many issues remain unresolved. These include the regional and global prevalence of the disease, its etiology, treatment options for affected anterior and posterior teeth, and the short- and long-term success of these treatment materials and methods. This article aimed to comprehensively discuss the ‘’still to solve’’ issues related to MIH as a complex puzzle and provide up-to-date information on these topics.

Developmental defects of enamel, enamel hypomineralization, first permanent molar, molar incisor hypomineralization, prevalence, remineralization, treatment

Berkant Sezer, Betül Kargül
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e250071
Abstract Views: 800 Download: 387 10.5577/jomdi.e250071
Pediatric dental approaches in children with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in childhood is a progressive and irreversible condition that affects multiple organ systems, including the oral and dental structures. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the oral manifestations of CKD in pediatric patients and discusses appropriate dental management strategies. As the prevalence of CKD in children has increased in recent years, awareness of its oral implications has become increasingly important for pediatric dentists. Children with CKD commonly present with distinct oral findings resulting from metabolic disturbances, uremia, altered saliva composition, and long-term medical treatments. Although these patients often have inadequate oral hygiene and a carbohydrate-rich diet, several studies report a lower prevalence of dental caries compared to healthy peers. This paradox is mainly attributed to increased salivary urea levels, higher buffering capacity, and an alkaline oral environment, which inhibit acidogenic bacteria. However, the same salivary changes contribute to increased dental calculus formation. Additional oral findings include halitosis, gingival and periodontal alterations, oral mucosal pallor due to anemia, bleeding tendencies, and opportunistic infections, particularly in immunosuppressed or transplant patients. Renal osteodystrophy may affect the alveolar and supporting bone, increasing the risk of abnormal bone healing and jaw fractures following dental procedures. Moreover, medications commonly used in CKD management, such as cyclosporine and calcium channel blockers, may induce gingival overgrowth and xerostomia. Early identification of oral manifestations, regular dental follow-up, and preventive care are essential in children with CKD. A multidisciplinary approach involving pediatric dentists and pediatric nephrologists is crucial to ensure safe dental treatment and to improve both oral health outcomes and overall quality of life in this vulnerable population.

Chronic kidney disease, nephropathy, oral manifestations, pediatric dentistry, renal failure

Özlem Beren Satılmış, Akif Demirel, Nurhan Özalp
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e250064
Abstract Views: 1186 Download: 616 10.5577/jomdi.e250064
Oral manifestations of mucopolysaccharidosis

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) represent a heterogeneous group of rare, inherited metabolic disorders characterized by progressive multisystem involvement and substantial morbidity. Among the affected organ systems, the oral and craniofacial region is frequently involved and may provide early and valuable diagnostic clues, particularly in pediatric patients. Dental professionals therefore play a crucial role in the early recognition, diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management of individuals with MPS. Understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for oral findings is essential for improving patient outcomes and tailoring dental care strategies. MPS constitutes a group of genetically inherited lysosomal storage disorders marked by deficiencies in specific enzymes critical for the catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The enzymatic insufficiency results in the progressive accumulation of GAGs within cellular and extracellular compartments across multiple tissues, manifesting in a diverse array of clinical phenotypes. Notably, individuals with MPS often present with pronounced oral and dental abnormalities, which can serve as significant indicators for early diagnosis and clinical management. This review investigates the pathophysiological mechanisms driving oral abnormalities in MPS, examining their diagnostic significance and potential for therapeutic intervention. Common findings include gingival hypertrophy, delayed tooth eruption, enamel hypoplasia, macroglossia, malocclusion, and craniofacial skeletal abnormalities, all of which may complicate oral hygiene and dental treatment. Additionally, radiographic features and challenges related to anesthesia and behavior management are discussed. By highlighting the diagnostic relevance of oral findings and the importance of early dental involvement within a multidisciplinary care framework, this review aims to raise awareness among dental practitioners and contribute to improved quality of life for patients with MPS.

Mucopolysaccharidosis, glycosaminoglycan, dental findings, oral manifestations, dental management, pediatric dentistry

Fahinur Ertuğrul, Dilşah Çoğulu
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e250098
Abstract Views: 1127 Download: 286 10.5577/jomdi.e250098
Epidermolysis bullosa accompanied by amelogenesis imperfecta: A report of three cases and literature review

Introduction: Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by skin and mucosal fragility. Similarly, Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is a genetic condition that affects the development of dental enamel, leading to structural anomalies. Specific gene mutations, such as those affecting COL17A1, are known to cause both conditions, notably in patients with Junctional EB. This study explores the clinical presentations of three patients diagnosed with both AI and EB, with two cases confirmed to have COL17A1 mutations, linking the genetic mutation to both enamel defects and EBs. Case Reports: The clinical findings from three patients are reported. Two of the cases were diagnosed with Junctional EB, with genetic testing confirming COL17A1 mutations, which correlated with the presentation of hypoplastic enamel and pitting. All patients exhibited gingivitis and oral mucosal fragility, which posed challenges in maintaining oral hygiene. Discussion: Maintaining oral hygiene in patients with EB is particularly challenging due to the fragility of their oral mucosa. These challenges are exacerbated by the low socioeconomic status of the patients, limiting access to proper oral care tools. The study explores oral management strategies, including the use of soft toothbrushes, sucralfate for ulcer management, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Regular dental check-ups and early intervention are emphasized as essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Conclusion: It is crucial for dental practitioners to identify signs of AI in EB patients and to ensure timely referrals and consultations. Furthermore, EB patients should be referred to dental professionals early to prevent oral complications. A multidisciplinary approach is vital for addressing the complex needs of these patients effectively.

Amelogenesis imperfecta, epidermolysis bullosa, genetic disorders, COL17A1

Alev Eda Okutan, Ali Menteş, Ayşe Deniz Yücelten, Gamze Aren
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e250066
Abstract Views: 1484 Download: 513 10.5577/jomdi.e250066
Impact of dental fear and anxiety on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL)

The aim of this review was to discuss the effect of dental fear and anxiety on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children, based on recent literature. Oral health is an important part of general health and allows individuals to eat, speak, and interact socially without pain or discomfort. Quality of life includes physical, emotional, and social well-being. The concept of OHRQoL combines these two areas and is especially important in pediatric dentistry, as oral problems can strongly affect children’s daily lives. Dental fear is a common emotional response to the dental environment, while dental anxiety refers to persistent worry about dental treatment. The prevalence of dental fear and anxiety in children varies widely across studies due to differences in age, culture, and assessment methods. Children who experience dental fear and anxiety often avoid visiting the dentist. As a result, oral health problems such as dental caries may remain untreated and worsen over time, leading to pain and infection. The article highlights a bidirectional relationship between dental fear and oral health. Poor oral health, especially tooth decay and toothache, can increase dental fear and anxiety. At the same time, dental anxiety causes children to avoid dental care, which further worsens oral health. This negative cycle affects several aspects of OHRQoL, including chewing ability, speech, appearance, emotional well-being, and social interaction. Consequently, children may experience reduced self-confidence and lower overall quality of life. Parental factors, particularly maternal dental anxiety, play an important role in the development of dental fear in children. Low socioeconomic status, lower educational level, irregular dental visits, and negative previous dental experiences are also associated with higher anxiety levels. The review emphasizes the importance of early detection of dental fear and anxiety. Positive dental experiences, regular dental visits, and appropriate behavioral guidance techniques can help reduce anxiety and improve cooperation. In conclusion, early intervention and effective management of dental fear and anxiety are essential to improve children’s oral health and enhance their oral health-related quality of life.

Dental fear, dental anxiety, oral health‑related quality of life, OHRQoL, pediatric dentistry

Özlem Beren Satılmış
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e250068
Abstract Views: 1089 Download: 408 10.5577/jomdi.e250068

Year	Citations
2023	2
2024	7
2025	20
2026 (to date)	12

Vol. 6 No. S1 (2025): Current Developments in Pediatric Dentistry

Review Article

Traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition: A comprehensive review

Apexification and regeneration procedures in young permanent teeth

Preserving stem cells from extracted deciduous teeth

Early childhood caries: A current perspective

Restorative options for primary teeth in pediatric dentistry

Endodontic treatment in primary teeth

Potential complications and preventive measures in pediatric dental treatments performed under general anesthesia and sedation

Use and misuse of antimicrobials in pediatric dentistry

Non-fluoride systems for enamel remineralization: Types and mechanisms

Molar incisor hypomineralization: A complex puzzle

Pediatric dental approaches in children with chronic kidney disease

Oral manifestations of mucopolysaccharidosis

Epidermolysis bullosa accompanied by amelogenesis imperfecta: A report of three cases and literature review

Impact of dental fear and anxiety on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL)

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