Impact of dental fear and anxiety on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL)

Abstract

The aim of this review was to discuss the effect of dental fear and anxiety on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children, based on recent literature. Oral health is an important part of general health and allows individuals to eat, speak, and interact socially without pain or discomfort. Quality of life includes physical, emotional, and social well-being. The concept of OHRQoL combines these two areas and is especially important in pediatric dentistry, as oral problems can strongly affect children’s daily lives. Dental fear is a common emotional response to the dental environment, while dental anxiety refers to persistent worry about dental treatment. The prevalence of dental fear and anxiety in children varies widely across studies due to differences in age, culture, and assessment methods. Children who experience dental fear and anxiety often avoid visiting the dentist. As a result, oral health problems such as dental caries may remain untreated and worsen over time, leading to pain and infection. The article highlights a bidirectional relationship between dental fear and oral health. Poor oral health, especially tooth decay and toothache, can increase dental fear and anxiety. At the same time, dental anxiety causes children to avoid dental care, which further worsens oral health. This negative cycle affects several aspects of OHRQoL, including chewing ability, speech, appearance, emotional well-being, and social interaction. Consequently, children may experience reduced self-confidence and lower overall quality of life. Parental factors, particularly maternal dental anxiety, play an important role in the development of dental fear in children. Low socioeconomic status, lower educational level, irregular dental visits, and negative previous dental experiences are also associated with higher anxiety levels. The review emphasizes the importance of early detection of dental fear and anxiety. Positive dental experiences, regular dental visits, and appropriate behavioral guidance techniques can help reduce anxiety and improve cooperation. In conclusion, early intervention and effective management of dental fear and anxiety are essential to improve children’s oral health and enhance their oral health-related quality of life.